- of the grid: what are the following: margin, column, alley, module, gutter, folio.

Margin:  the non active part of the page that defined the active area and help engage the Viewer

Column: the vertical space hat helps align visual elements

Alley: the space between the characters in the text

Module: the space between the paragraphs

Gutter: the space left for the page to be binded

folio: page number

-- What are the advantages of a multiple column grid.?

it helps with organization of the page as well as adds interest for the viewer

-- Why is there only one space after a period?

on  typewriter the letters were monos paced but with the advancement of type on the computer the spacing is taken into consideration so no there is only one space after the period. 

-- What is a character (in typography)?

a mark, symbol, or sign that includes letter forms and numbers that are included in language systems

-- How many characters is optimal for a line length? words per line?

40-70 characters is the max and no less then 7 words per line

-- Why is the baseline grid used in design?

to help with unity on a page

-- What is a typographic river?

seen in justified text it is the white space that is  created when the spacing is forced between words.

-- What does clothes lining or flow line or hang line mean?

a horizontal guide that divides the page and creates additional alignment points for visual elements and helps guide the eye of the viewer

-- How can you incorporate white space into your designs?

by arranging visual and textual elements in a manner that helps enhance the design

-- What is type color/texture mean?

type color  applies to the density of text and the “grey” color it gives off the type value revers the darkness/lightness on the page

-- What is x-height, how does it effect type color?

X-height is the height of lower case letters not including the ascenders and descenders the type color can be affected by this depending on the line weight and leading

-- Define Tracking.

the spacing between words, lines and paragraphs  this can be changed to help the overall appearance of the text

-- Define Kerning. Why doe characters need to be kerned? What are the most common characters that need to be kerned (kerning pairs)?

used to adjust the distances between letters to get rid of character collisions and unwanted irregular and unwanted spaces. Ty, Va 11 and 19 are some common characters

-- In justification or H&J terms what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, maximum mean?

minimum- the minimum number of words before or after a hyphen

optimum-altering word or character spacing in non-justified paragraphs

maximum- the adjustment of space in between characters for more space enter higher numbers

-- What is the optimum space between words?

en space

-- What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules?

hanging indents

typographic devices such as symbols bullets and ornaments

an extra line length

-- What are the rules associated with hyphenation?

only used for hyphenated words

no more then 3 in a row

never use in a headline or important words

-- What is a ligature?

a unique character formed by combining 2 or 3 letters to form one

-- What does CMYK and RGB mean?

CMYK cyan magenta yellow and black used when printing

RGB red green blue used for on screen purpose

-- What does hanging punctuation mean?

it is a slight indent the is visually awkward it applies to asterisks, apostrophes, commas, en dashes, hyphens, periods, and quotation marks

-- What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe? What is the difference between

apostrophes and quotes are angled/curved and opened or closed. inch and foot marks are straight up and down 

-- What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.

an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?

a hyphen is used to link words and  when breaking syllables of words. It is one third of and em rule

en dash is a punctuation mark used in compound words and to separate things such as dates and phone numbers it can also be used to separate thoughts

em dash- also a punctuation mark used to separate thoughts kerning ma be needed when using this

-- What is a widow and an orphan?

widow- one or two words that are left over at the end of a paragraph this should be  avoided at all costs

orphan one or two words that flow onto the next page they are isolated this should also be avoided.